Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Revelation: The History Of Christianity DVD, Video Download, USB
Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: Old New Year's Day: -- A yearly
celebration of a tradition still honored by some countries. Even
though the Gregorian calendar was established in 1582, several
countries opted to reject it for hundreds of years. Instead, they
adopted the "Annunciation Style date," which considered
the Annunciation Feast (March 25) to be New Year's Day. Dionysius
Exiguus introduced the 'Anno Domini' calendar and the celebration
on the day began in several locations. Because Jesus was to be
conceived on the Annunciation, nine months before Christmas Day,
Dionysius chose March 25 as the new year. The New Year, while
primarily a religious celebration, is steeped in history due to
its connection to the invention and adaptation of the Gregorian
calendar. There were just 10 months when the early Romans
developed their calendar, with March being the first month of the
year. The custom of beginning the new year in January dates back
over 400 years only! The New Year was celebrated in Mesopotamia
circa 2000 B.C. around the time of the vernal equinox, which
occurred around March 25. There were barely 10 months left at the
time. The calendar at the time was based on the seasons, and the
planting season began in March. As a result, it was chosen as the
first month of the year. With March as the first month of the
year, it was only natural that the seventh month (September in
Latin) be named "septem," the eighth-month "octo,"
the ninth-month "novem," and the tenth month "decem."
Rome began celebrating the New Year on the first day of January in
the year Numa Pontilius, Rome's second ruler, added the months of
January and February to the calendar around 700 B.C. It was at
this time that the newly elected Roman consuls began their
one-year term in office, hence it became the start of the year. In
46 B.C., Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar, with
January as the first month of the year. It was based on the
movements of the sun and was a vast improvement over the Roman
lunar calendar that had previously been in use. Later research
revealed that the lunar calendar was extremely incorrect. On Sale
@ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/revelation-the-history-of-christianity-documentary.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Birth
Of Jesus: Holy Child DVD MP4 Download USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: Christianity: The Liturgical
Year (The Church Year, The Christian Year, The Kalendar): The
Calendar Of Saints: Feast Days: The Feast Of The Annunciation
(Greek: O Evangelismos Tis Theotokou, "The Annunciation Of
The Virgin"; The Solemnity Of The Annunciation, The Feast Of
The Incarnation, Conceptio Christi (Latin: The Conception Of
Christ), Lady Day (Traditional Name In Some English-Speaking
Countries): -- A Christian holiday commemorating the visit of the
angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, where he announced that she
would give birth to Jesus Christ. The Feast Of The Annunciation
cuts across many factions of Christianity, but it is specially
celebrated in Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches.
The holiday is counted as one of the eight great feasts of God in
Orthodox Christianity, and it is a major Marian feast. The Feast
of the Annunciation was celebrated as far back as the 4th or 5th
century, but the first certain mention of the feast was in the
"Canons of the Councils of Toledo" and Constantinople.
In 656 A.C., the Feast of the Annunciation was said to have been
celebrated throughout the church in Toledo. The Feast of the
Annunciation is celebrated on March 25 every year in the Roman
Catholic Church, except when the day falls during the Easter
Triduum - Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday - in
which case the feast is transferred to the most suitable day
during Easterside. However, the date never changes in Eastern
Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism, even if it falls during Easter.
When Easter and the Feast of the Annunciation fall on the same
day, it is called Kyriopascha. The Annunciation is narrated in the
Bible in the Book of Luke Chapter 1, from verses 26 to 38.
According to the Bible, the angel Gabriel was sent to meet Mary, a
virgin in Nazareth, Galilee. Mary was betrothed at the time to a
man named Joseph. Angel Gabriel hailed Mary and told her not to
fear because she had found grace with God. He told her she would
give birth to the Son of God. When she replied that she was a
virgin, he reassured her that the Holy Ghost would come upon her.
He also informed her that her barren cousin, Elizabeth, would
conceive a son as well, even in her old age. Mary responded, "be
it done to me according to thy word." Joseph also received an
annunciation later, as detailed in Matthew 1:18. The Feast of the
Annunciation celebrates God's entrance into the human world
through Jesus and Mary's willingness to accept God's command. On
Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-birth-of-jesus-holy-child-dvd-mp4-download-usb-flash-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Western Tradition TV Series DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: National Dante Day (Italian:
Dantedi) (Italy): -- In anticipation of celebrations of Dante
Alighieri's 700th death anniversary in 2021, in 2020 the Italian
government announced the establishment of a National Dante Day, or
Dantedi, to be observed annually on March 25. This date was chosen
because, ccording to scholars, Dante's journey to Hell, Purgatory
and Paradise, which he recounted in his masterpiece, the Divine
Comedy, began on March 25 (his voyage began during Easter week in
the year 1300). In the words of a press release by Farnesina, the
Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Every year on March 25,
the date that scholars recognize as the beginning of the journey
into the afterlife of the Divine Comedy, Dantedi will be
celebrated," said Italy's Culture Minister Dario
Franceschini. "It will be a day to remember Dante's genius
throughout Italy and the world with many initiatives that will see
schools, students and cultural institutions involved. There are a
lot of projects currently being examined by the committee for the
celebrations chaired by Professor Carlo Ossola ahead of the
celebrations for Dante's 700th anniversary. Dante symbolizes many
things that hold us together: he is the unity of the country, he
is the Italian language, he is the very idea of Italy." Among
the greatest poets of Italian and world literature, Dante was born
in Florence in 1265, and died in exile in Ravenna in 1321. His
tomb is still in Ravenna. It was during exile that Dante composed
his greatest work, The Divine Comedy, his vision of the afterlife
where references to myth, history and scripture serve to comment
on the politics and political figures of his day. On Sale @ 15%
Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-western-tradition-dvd-set-all-52-shows-13-d5213.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: J. R. R.
Tolkien Biography Documentaries DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: National Tolkien Reading Day:
-- A day celebrated around the world that encourages readers of
all ages to explore the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien and learn more
about the author. The date of March 25th was chosen by The Tolkien
Society because it matches the fall of Sauron in Tolkien's The
Lord of the Rings. The Tolkien Society created this observance in
2003 to encourage the readings of J.R.R. Tolkien. With over 30
published works, he had a lot to say and not just about hobbits,
though many are on medieval order. J.R.R. Tolkien (Jan. 3, 1892 -
Sept. 2, 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and
university professor. He was best known as the author of the
classic works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The
Silmarrillion as well as Roverandom and Farmer Giles of Ham.
However, he has published more than 30 books, several
posthumously. The author has sold more than 150 million copies of
The Lord of the Rings trilogy and that number continues to grow.
To observe National Tolkien Reading Day, read the literary works
of J.R.R. Tolkien, and use #TolkienReadingDay to post on social
media. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/j-r-r-tolkien-documentaries-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Heroes
Medal Of Honor Victoria Cross Legion Of Honour DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1990: Medal Of Honor Day: --
Congress designates March 25 annually as "National Medal Of
Honor Day". The Medal Of Honor is authorized by the United
States Congress. The Medal Of Honor is the United States of
America's highest and most prestigious personal military
decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service
members who distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal
is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the
name of the U.S. Congress. Because the medal is presented "in
the name of Congress", it is often referred to informally as
the "Congressional Medal Of Honor". However, the
official name of the current award is "Medal Of Honor",
as it began with the U.S. Army's version. Within United States
Code the medal is referred to as the "Medal Of Honor",
and less frequently as "Congressional Medal Of Honor".
U.S. awards, including the Medal Of Honor, do not have
post-nominal titles, and while there is no official abbreviation,
the most common abbreviations are "MOH" and "MH".
There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for
the Navy, and one for the Air Force. Personnel of the Marine Corps
and Coast Guard receive the Navy version. The Medal Of Honor is
the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United
States armed forces. The Medal Of Honor was created as a Navy
version in 1861 named the "Medal of Valor", and an Army
version of the medal named the "Medal Of Honor" was
established in 1862 to give recognition to men who distinguished
themselves "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity"
in combat with an enemy of the United States. The President
normally presents the Medal Of Honor at a formal ceremony in
Washington, D.C., that is intended to represent the gratitude of
the U.S. people, with posthumous presentations made to the primary
next of kin. According to the Medal Of Honor Historical Society of
the United States, there have been 3,519 Medals of Honor awarded
to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast
Guardsmen since the decoration's creation, with just less than
half of them awarded for actions during the four years of the
American Civil War. Due to its prestige and status, the Medal Of
Honor is afforded special protection under U.S. law against any
unauthorized adornment, sale, or manufacture, which includes any
associated ribbon or badge. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/heroes-dvd-set-all-26-tv-shows-7-di267.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Columbus &
The Age Of Discovery TV Series + Bonus MP4 Download DVD Set
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: The International Day Of
Remembrance Of The Victims Of Slavery And The Transatlantic Slave
Trade: -- Observed for the first time in 2008, this day honors and
recalls the more than 15 million people who were brutalized for
over 400 years as a result of a slave system. The Panamanian port
city of Portobelo is a key entry site during the transatlantic
slave trade for enslaved Africans who would then be transported to
various locations if they survive the treacherous ocean voyages.
Despite its abolition, slavery still exists today in various ways.
The transatlantic slave trade was the world's largest forced
migration and unquestionably one of the cruelest. Over 400 years,
a massive exodus of Africans spread over the globe in a way that
had never been seen before or recorded in human history. Between
1501 and 1830, a ratio of four to one African to European crossed
the Atlantic, making the American population more of an extension
of Africans than Europeans. During the 16th century and up to the
19th century, approximately 15 to 20 million individuals were
carried against their will from Africa to Central, South, North
America, as well as Europe. The transatlantic slave trade was a
profitable triangular commerce between Europe, the Americas, and
West Africa. It provided the foundation for most of Britain's
prosperity. Slaves were traded as men, women, and children in
various slave trading systems. During the travels, up to 2.4
million slaves died, with millions more dying soon after. Slaves
were sold to serve as domestic servants, on plantations, mines,
and rice fields. Britain was the first country to establish
legislation prohibiting the slave trade in 1807, and by 1815, the
British had persuaded the Netherlands, Spain, France, and Portugal
to follow suit. Slave trading was made illegal in the United
States nearly five years later, in 1820, and was eventually
abolished in 1865. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/columbus-and-the-age-of-discovery-epic-7-hourlong-episode-tv-serie7.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: United
Nations Documentaries Set: 2 MP4 Downloads Or 2 DVDs
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: International Day Of Solidarity
With Detained And Missing Staff Members: -- Honors the life of
journalist Alec Collett and several other staff members of the
United Nations who have been abducted or killed over the years.
This day was established by the United Nations to raise global
awareness, demand justice, and protect the selfless lives of UN
staff members and peacekeepers. More than 3,500 members of the
U.N. staff have lost their lives to war, abductions, and natural
disasters. The goal of the U.N. is to promote international peace
and security, as well as foster friendly relations among the
nations. However, with great responsibility comes even greater
challenges, and this day was created to tackle one of them. Today
we are marking a very important day in the lives of the staff
members of the United Nations (U.N.), and the world at large.
Since its inception, hundreds of fearless men and women have lost
their lives in brave service. This service is often centered
around the peacekeeping missions of the organization which usually
involves travel to risk-prone nations. With that being said, it is
no surprise that the 1990s brought a wave of unrest in the lives
of the U.N. staff members. This was caused by an increased need
for U.N. peacekeeping missions. During this time, more lives of
staff members were lost than in the previous four decades
combined. This stirred up a cause for a resolution to protect the
members of the United Nations. The first of such resolutions was
adopted by the U.N. Security Council in 1993, and subsequently,
the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated
Personnel was created to protect U.N. personnel. Alec Collett was
a journalist and member of the United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (U.N.R.W.A.). He
was abducted by a gunman, and his dead body was eventually found
in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley in 2009. International Day of Solidarity
with Detained and Missing Staff Members was created in honor of
his abduction, and to raise awareness of the protection of U.N.
members as attacks against them intensify. On Sale @ 15% Off
Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/united-nations-documentaries-set-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Bad
Lord Byron (1949) Docudramatic Biography DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: Greek Independence Day (Celebration Of The Greek Revolution): -- March 25, 1821 (O.S.; Celebrated On N.S. March 25 In Modern Era): Revolutionary Waves (Revolutionary Decades): Revolutions During The 1820s: Greece: The Greek War Of Independence (The Greek Revolution, The Greek Revolution Of 1821): -- According to oral tradition, The Greek Revolution is declared on March 25, 1821 (N.S. April 6) by Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who raised the "the blue and white," the blue banner with the white cross still used as the basis of the modern Greek flag, in the Monastery of Agia Lavra (near Kalavryta, Achaea); some historians question the historicity of the event, some of whom claim that the story first appeared in 1824 in a book written by a French diplomat Francois Pouqueville, whose book is full of inventions. However, a study on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville (Francois Pouqueville's brother) claims that Francois' account was accurate, and some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos as occurring either in Patras on April 6 NS/March 25 OS 1821 or in the "Monastery of Velia Mountain" (Agia Lavra) on a non-specified date. Celebrated annually in Greece, Cyprus, and the Greek diaspora since the end of the Greek Revolution on , Greek Independence Day is also known as the Celebration Of The Greek Revolution, and honors the Greeks' fight for freedom after being occupied by the Ottoman Empire for over 400 years. This day is also when the Feast Of The Annunciation is commemorated, especially important to Greek Orthodox Christians. The Feast of Annunciation is a religious holiday that celebrates the archangel Gabriel appearing to the maiden Mary to inform her that she was pregnant with the divine child. However, the major celebrations center around the independence of the Greek people, after being colonized by the Ottoman Empire for over 400 years. Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. They planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople, and the date was set on the Feast of Annunciation in 1821 but had to begin earlier due to them being exposed. The Greek War of Independence lasted for eleven years from 1821 and 1832. After the involvement of the Egyptians and the Turks by the Ottoman Empire in 1825 and 1826 respectively, the revolution looked all but lost. That was until Russia, Britain, and France intervened on the side of the Greeks, sending their squadrons in 1827. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under the pressure of a French expeditionary force. Russia then invaded the Ottoman Empire, forcing it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829. After nine long years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. In 1832, the final borders of the new state were established, and Prince Otto of Bavaria became the first king of Greece. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-bad-lord-byron-19491949.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Fabulous Sixties with Peter Jennings TV Docuseries MP4 Or DVD Set
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: Bed-In For Peace Day: -- A
yearly celebrating to mark the innovative, non-violent way of
expressing protest against wars first used by John Lennon and his
wife Yoko Ono on this date. As newlyweds, this couple used this
method to protest the ongoing Vietnam war. It was their way of
peacefully voicing against the atrocities of war and promoting
peace. This style of protest gave birth to many such protests in
the future, where people would lie down in front of government
institutions and would not vacate unless their demands were met.
The Vietnam War is one of the biggest events that took place in
the second half of the twentieth century. The war was between the
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (A.R.V.) and the People's Army of
Vietnam (P.A.V.N.). The 1950s were a time when the Cold War had
begun, and the U.S. had decided to support the Army of the
Republic of Vietnam, in South Vietnam. The war was devastating.
Within the first month of operation, about 2,100 soldiers from the
Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 1,100 soldiers from the U.S.
military, and 14,000 civilians were killed. Back in the U.S., many
people opposed the involvement of the U.S. troop in the Vietnam
war. Many celebrities joined the protest. Heavyweight champion
Muhammad Ali refused to get inducted into the army and was
stripped of his title and the license to box. In 1969, musician
John Lennon, a former member of the Beatles, along with his wife
Yoko, joined the protest. It was during their honeymoon the couple
decided to book the presidential suite in the Amsterdam Hilton
Hotel and decided to call in the press in their bedroom. The
couple talked of peace and held up signs that promoted peace. This
form of protest came to be known as the Bed-In protest. It also
became immensely popular in pop culture. Musicians and bands such
as Linkin Park and Green Day came out with bed-in posters. Posters
like "Make Love, Not War" were popular. On Sale @ 15%
Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/decades-the-1960s-dvd-set-peter-jennings-tv-series-3-19603.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Walt
Disney: The Story Of Robin Hood (1956) DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1199: Mortal Woundings: --
Richard I, also known as Richard Coeur de Lion (French: Richard
the Lionheart) and as Good King Richard in fiction and film in
tales of Robin Hood, Third Crusade military chief and troubadour,
is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France, a wound that
swiftly became gangrenous, leading to his death on April 6.
Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called
alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and
Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of Gourdon) by chroniclers, the
man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a
boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and
that he had killed Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed,
but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live
on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he
ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 shillings. It
is unclear whether the King's pardon was upheld following his
death. Richard I was King of England from July 6, 1189 until his
death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony,
Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and
was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period.
He was the third of five sons of King Henry II Of England and
Duchess Eleanor Of Aquitaine. He was known as Richard Coeur de
Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great
military leader and warrior. He was also known in the troubadourr
language of Occitan as Oc e No (Yes and No), because of his
reputation for terseness. By the age of 16, Richard had taken
command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against
his father. Richard was a central Christian commander during the
Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip
II of France and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim
counterpart, Saladin, although he did not retake Jerusalem from
Saladin. Richard spoke both French and Occitan as well as English,
having been born in England, where he spent his childhood; before
becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the
Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his
accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six
months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade,
in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Rather
than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his
presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it
merely as a source of revenue to support his armies. Nevertheless,
he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the
few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal
number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in
France. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/walt-disney39s-disneyland-the-story-of-robin-hood-1956-391956.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: To Boldly
Go... Voyager Program w/ Patrick Stewart DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1655: Space: Outer Space:
Astronomy: The Solar System: The Planet Saturn: The Moons Of
Saturn: Titan (Moon): -- Titan, the largest moon of Saturn and the
second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, is
discovered by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, Dutch
physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely
regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major
figure in the scientific revolution. Titan is the only moon known
to have a dense atmosphere, and the only known body in space,
other than Earth, where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface
liquid has been found. Titan is one of seven gravitationally
rounded moons in orbit around Saturn, and the second most distant
from Saturn of those seven. Frequently described as a planet-like
moon, Titan is 50% larger (in diameter) than Earth's Moon and 80%
more massive. It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System
after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and is larger than the planet
Mercury, but only 40% as massive. Titan was the first known moon
of Saturn, and the sixth known planetary satellite (after Earth's
moon and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter). Titan orbits Saturn
at 20 Saturn radii. From Titan's surface, Saturn, were it visible
through the moon's thick atmosphere, would appear 11.4 times
larger in the sky than the Moon from Earth. Titan is primarily
composed of ice and rocky material, which is likely differentiated
into a rocky core surrounded by various layers of ice, including a
crust of ice and a subsurface layer of ammonia-rich liquid water.
Much as with Venus before the Space Age, the dense opaque
atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan's surface until the
Cassini-Huygens mission in 2004 provided new information,
including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan's
polar regions. The geologically young surface is generally smooth,
with few impact craters, although mountains and several possible
cryovolcanoes have been found. The atmosphere of Titan is largely
nitrogen; minor components lead to the formation of methane and
ethane clouds and heavy organonitrogen haze. The climate -
including wind and rain - creates surface features similar to
those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas (probably of
liquid methane and ethane), and deltas, and is dominated by
seasonal weather patterns as on Earth. With its liquids (both
surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan's
methane cycle bears a striking similarity to Earth's water cycle,
albeit at the much lower temperature of about 94 K (-179.2 dg C;
-290.5 dg F). Voyager 1, the deep space probe launched by NASA on
September 5, 1977 to study the outer Solar System, had as its
primary objectives flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Titan. Although
the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a Pluto
encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon
took priority because it was known to have a substantial
atmosphere. Images taken by Pioneer 11 in 1979 had indicated the
atmosphere was substantial and complex, further increasing
interest. Because observations of Titan were considered vital, the
trajectory chosen for Voyager 1 was designed around the optimum
Titan flyby, which took it below the south pole of Saturn and out
of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science
mission. Had Voyager 1 failed or been unable to observe Titan,
Voyager 2's trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the
Titan flyby, precluding any visit to Uranus and Neptune. The
trajectory Voyager 1 was launched into would not have allowed it
to continue on to Uranus and Neptune, but could have been altered
to avoid a Titan flyby and travel from Saturn to Pluto, arriving
in 1986. On November 12, 1980, Voyager I makes its closest
approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. The
Titan flyby occurred as the spacecraft entered the system to avoid
any possibility of damage closer to Saturn compromising
observations, and approached to within 6,400 km (4,000 mi),
passing behind Titan as seen from Earth and the Sun. Voyager's
measurement of the atmosphere's effect on sunlight and Earth-based
measurement of its effect on the probe's radio signal were used to
determine the atmosphere's composition, density, and pressure.
Titan's mass was also measured by observing its effect on the
probe's trajectory. The thick haze prevented any visual
observation of the surface, but the measurement of the
atmosphere's composition, temperature, and pressure led to
speculation that lakes of liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the
surface. Part of the Voyager program, Voyager 1 is the farthest
spacecraft from Earth as well as the farthest man-made object. It
is also the most distant object in the solar system whose location
is known. The probe's objectives included flybys of Jupiter,
Saturn and Saturn's large moon, Titan. While the spacecraft's
course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by
forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon, which was known
to have a substantial atmosphere, took priority. It studied the
weather, magnetic fields and rings of the two planets and was the
first probe to provide detailed images of their moons. After
completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on
November 20, 1980, Voyager 1 became the third of five artificial
objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to
leave the Solar System. It is pursuing an extended mission to
explore the regions and boundaries of the outer heliosphere. On
August 25, 2012, Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause to become the
first spacecraft to enter interstellar space and study the
interstellar medium. Voyager 1's extended mission is expected to
continue until around 2025 when its radioisotope thermoelectric
generators will no longer supply enough electric power to operate
its scientific instruments. The Cassini-Huygens Space-Research
Mission, commonly called Cassini, involved a collaboration between
NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space
Agency (ASI) to send a space probe to study the planet Saturn and
its system, including its rings and natural satellites. The
robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's Cassini space probe and
ESA's Huygens lander, which landed on Saturn's largest moon,
Titan. Cassini-Huygens was a Flagship-Class Mission spacecraft,
NASA's large strategic science missions or large strategic
missions, formerly known as Flagship missions or Flagship-class
missions, the costliest and most capable NASA science spacecraft.
Flagship missions exist within all four divisions of NASA's
Science Mission Directorate (SMD): the astrophysics, Earth
science, heliophysics and planetary science divisions. "Large"
refers to the budget of each mission, typically the most expensive
mission in the scientific discipline. Cassini was the fourth space
probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit. The two
craft took their names from the astronomers Giovanni Cassini and
Christiaan Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October
15, 1997, Cassini was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13
years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system
after entering orbit on July 1, 2004. The voyage to Saturn
included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and July 1999), Earth (August
1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000).
The mission ended on September 15, 2017, when Cassini's trajectory
took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up in order
to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might
have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial
microbes on the spacecraft. The mission was successful beyond
expectations - NASA's Planetary Science Division Director, Jim
Green, described Cassini-Huygens as a "mission of firsts"
that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system,
including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life
might be found in the Solar System. The imaging science team on
the Cassini mission in orbit around Saturn was led by Carolyn
Porco, the greatest living planetary scientist. Cassini's planners
originally scheduled a mission of four years, from June 2004 to
May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until
September 2010, branded the Cassini Equinox Mission. The mission
was extended a second and final time with the Cassini Solstice
Mission, lasting another seven years until September 15, 2017, on
which date Cassini was de-orbited to burn up in Saturn's upper
atmosphere. The Huygens module traveled with Cassini until its
separation from the probe on December 25, 2004; Huygens landed by
parachute on Titan on January 14, 2005. It returned data to Earth
for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the
first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the
first landing on a moon other than Earth's Moon. At the end of its
mission, the Cassini spacecraft executed its "Grand Finale":
a number of risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and
Saturn's inner rings. This phase aimed to maximize Cassini's
scientific outcome before the spacecraft was disposed. The
atmospheric entry of Cassini ended the mission, but analysis of
the returned data will continue for many years. On Sale @ 15% Off
Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/to-boldly-go-dvd-voyager-space-probe-project-patrick-stewart.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Subways
Trains & Railroads! Rail Transport History DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1807: The History Of Rail
Transport (The History Of Railways): The History Of Rail
Transportation In The United Kingdom: The Oystermouth Railway (The
Swansea And Mumbles Railway): -- The Swansea and Mumbles Railway,
then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first
fare-paying passenger-carrying railway in the world. It was
located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom, and was originally
built under an Act of Parliament of 1804 to move limestone from
the quarries of Mumbles to Swansea and to the markets beyond. The
Swansea and Mumbles Railway later moved from horse power to steam
locomotion, and finally converted to electric trams, before
closing in January 1960, in favour of motor buses. At the time of
the railway's closure, it had been the world's longest serving
railway. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/subways-trains-and-railroads-locomotive-films-2-dual-layer-dvd2.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Clive
James' Fame In The 20th Century TV Series DVD Set MP4 USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1867: #BOTD: #HBD! Arturo
Toscanini, Italian-American cellist and conductor (d. January 16,
1957) is #born in Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. He was one of the
most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and of the 20th century,
renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for
orchestral detail and sonority, and his eidetic memory; sometimes
called photographic memory, an ability to vividly recall images
from memory after only a few instances of exposure, with high
precision for a brief time after exposure. He was at various times
the music director of La Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in
New York, and the New York Philharmonic. Later in his career he
was appointed the first music director of the NBC Symphony
Orchestra (1937-54), and this led to his becoming a household name
(especially in the United States) through his radio and television
broadcasts and many recordings of the operatic and symphonic
repertoire. Many of his recordings and broadcasts were made at New
York City's Carnegie Hall. Toscanini had absolute pitch, widely
referred to as perfect pitch, a rare auditory phenomenon
characterized by the ability of a person to identify or re-create
a given musical note without the benefit of a reference tone.
Arturo Toscanini died on his daughter Wally's 57th birthday of a
stroke suffered on New Year's Day 1957 at the age of 89 at his
home in the Riverdale section of the Bronx in New York City His
body was returned to Italy and was entombed in the Cimitero
Monumentale in Milan. His epitaph is taken from one account of his
remarks concluding the 1926 premiere of Puccini's unfinished
Turandot: "Qui finisce l'opera, perche a questo punto il
maestro e morto" ("Here the opera ends, because at this
point the maestro died"). During his funeral service, Leyla
Gencer sang an excerpt from Verdi's Requiem. In his will, he left
his baton to his protegee Herva Nelli, who sang in the broadcasts
of Otello, Aida, Falstaff, the Verdi Requiem, and Un ballo in
maschera. Toscanini was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award in 1987. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/clive-james39-fame-in-the-20th-century-tv-series-dvd-set-mp4-usb-39204.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Bela
Bartok: His Life And Music DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1881: #BOTD: #HBD! Bela Bartok,
Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist, considered one
of the greatest 20th century composers (d. September 26, 1945) is
#born Bela Viktor Janos Bartok in the town of Nagyszentmiklos in
the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Sannicolau Mare, Romania) in
what was then Banat, a region straddling Central and Eastern
Europe divided between modern Romania, Serbia and Hungary. He and
Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. Through his
collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the
founders of comparative musicology, which later became
ethnomusicology. Bela Bartok died at age 64 in a hospital in New
York City from complications of leukemia (specifically, of
secondary polycythemia). His funeral was attended by only ten
people. Aside from his widow and their son, other attendees
included Gyorgy Sandor. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/bela-bartok-his-life-and-music-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Perspective On Greatness Cops And Robbers + Bonus Sam Sheppard MP4
DVD
Today, March 25, 2026
March 24, 1909: #BOTD: Clyde Barrow,
infamous as part of the American bank robber duo known as Bonnie
and Clyde (d. May 23, 1934) is #born Clyde Chestnut (Champion)
Barrow into a poor farming family in Ellis County, Texas,
southeast of Dallas. Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 -
May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow traveled the central
United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing
people and killing when cornered or confronted. Their exploits
captured the attention of the American public during the "Public
Enemy Era," between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for
their dozen-or-so bank robberies, the duo most often preferred to
rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to
have killed at least nine police officers and several civilians.
The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers
near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Their exploits were
revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penn's
1967 film Bonnie And Clyde. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/perspective-on-greatness-cops-and-robbers-and-bonus-sam-sheppard-mp4-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America:
The Second Century Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1911: The Industrial
Revolution: The Second Industrial Revolution (1870s - 1914):
Industrial Disasters: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: -- In
New York City, 146 garment workers die in a raging fire that
erupted inside a garment factory in New York City. Among the dead
were 123 young women employed as low-paid seamstresses, along with
23 men. The factory was located on the eighth, ninth and tenth
floors of the Asch Building, at 23-29 Washington Place in the
Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, one block north of
Washington Square Park, at the intersection of Greene Street. The
1901 building still stands today and is known as the Brown
Building. It is part of and owned by New York University. The
fast-spreading flames engulfed the 8th and 9th floors of the
Triangle Shirtwaist Company in lower Manhattan in just a few
minutes. About 50 of the victims had jumped to their deaths rather
than perish from the flames. The sensational tragedy spurred
national interest concerning the rights of mostly-immigrant women
workers of the New York garment industry who labored long hours
six or seven days a week in cramped, dangerous conditions for
about 5 USD weekly pay. Because the owners had locked the doors to
the stairwells and exits - a then-common practice to prevent
workers from taking unauthorized breaks and to reduce theft - many
of the workers who could not escape from the burning building
jumped from the high windows. The fire led to legislation
requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the
growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
(ILGWU), which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop
workers. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/america-the-second-century-us-2nd-100-years-history-621006.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Flash
Gordon Movie & Radio SuperMegaSet DVD, MP3, MP4, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1916: #BOTD: #HBD! Jean Rogers,
American actress and beauty who starred in serial films in the
1930s and low-budget feature films in the 1940s as a leading lady,
best remembered for playing Dale Arden in the science-fiction
serials Flash Gordon (1936) and Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938)
(d. February 24, 1991) is #born Eleanor Dorothy Lovegren in
Belmont, Massachusetts. Her father was an immigrant from Malmo,
Sweden. She graduated from Belmont High School. She had hoped to
study art, but in 1933 she won a beauty contest sponsored by
Paramount Pictures that led to her career in Hollywood. Rogers
starred in several serials for Universal between 1935 and 1938,
including Ace Drummond and Flash Gordon. Rogers was one of seven
women chosen out of 2,700 passengers on excursion boats and
ferries who were interviewed for roles in Eight Girls in a Boat.
The group began work in Hollywood on September 3, 1933. By 1937,
Rogers was the only one of the seven featured as an actress.
Rogers was assigned the role of Dale Arden in the first two Flash
Gordon serials. Buster Crabbe and Rogers were cast as the hero and
heroine in the first serial, Flash Gordon. The evil ruler Ming the
Merciless (Charles B. Middleton) lusted after her, and Gordon was
forced to rescue her from one situation after another. While
filming the series in 1937, her costume caught fire and she
suffered burns on her hands. Co-star Crabbe smothered the fire by
wrapping a blanket on her. In the first serial, Arden competed
with Princess Aura (Priscilla Lawson) for Gordon's attention.
Rogers' character was fragile, small-chested, diminutive, and
totally dependent on Gordon for her survival; Lawson's Princess
Aura was domineering, independent, voluptuous, conniving, sly,
ambitious, and determined to make Gordon her own. The competition
for Gordon's attention is one of the highlights of the film. In
Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, the second serial, Rogers sported a
totally different look. She had dark hair and wore the same modest
costume in each episode. Rogers matured after the first serial,
and no sexual overtones are seen in Trip to Mars. Rogers told
writer Richard Lamparski that she was not eager to do the second
serial and asked her studio to excuse her from the third. Despite
starring in serial films, Rogers felt she was not going to improve
her career unless she could participate in feature films. She
discovered that working in feature films was more tedious. She
played John Wayne's leading lady in the 1936 full-length motion
picture Conflict and co-starred with Boris Karloff in the crime
drama Night Key the following year. During the 1940s, Rogers
appeared only in feature films, including The Man Who Wouldn't
Talk (1940) with Lloyd Nolan, Viva Cisco Kid (1940) with Cesar
Romero as the Cisco Kid, Design for Scandal (1941) with Rosalind
Russell and Walter Pidgeon, Whistling in Brooklyn (1943) with Red
Skelton, A Stranger in Town (1943) with Frank Morgan, Backlash
(1947), and Speed to Spare (1948) with Richard Arlen. Still, she
was unhappy with the studios, possibly because she was relegated
to B-movie productions on a lower salary. She decided to freelance
with companies such as 20th Century Fox and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
(MGM). Her last appearance was in a supporting role in the
suspense film The Second Woman, made in 1950 by United Artists.
Rogers married Dan Winkler in 1943 after she was dropped by MGM.
She continued freelancing until retiring in 1951. Because she
starred mainly in low-budget films, she was never a top star. In a
1979 interview, she explained what it was like and why she decided
not to play Dale Arden in the third Flash Gordon serial. Rogers
was a lifelong Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign
during the 1952 presidential election and a practicing Lutheran.
Jean Rogers died in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California at the
age of 74 following surgery. She was cremated and her ashes
returned to her family. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/all-flash-gordon-movie-serials-dvd-set--all-radio-mp3s-4-discsh34.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Bloopers:
Radio & TV Outtakes CD, MP3 Audio Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1918: #BOTD: #HBD! Howard
Cosell, American soldier, lawyer, sports journalist, and author
(d. April 23, 1995) is #born Howard William Cohen in
Winston-Salem, North Carolina into a Jewish family that soon moved
to Brooklyn, New York. Cosell said he changed his name from
"Cohen" to "Cosell" while a law student as a
way to honor his father and grandfather by reverting to a version
of his family's original Polish name. He was an American sports
journalist who was widely known for his blustery, cocksure
personality. Cosell said of himself, "Arrogant, pompous,
obnoxious, vain, cruel, verbose, a showoff. There's no question
that I'm all of those things." In its obituary for Cosell,
The New York Times described Cosell's effect on American sports
coverage: "He entered sports broadcasting in the mid-1950s,
when the predominant style was unabashed adulation, offered a
brassy counterpoint that was first ridiculed, then copied until it
became the dominant note of sports broadcasting." In 1993, TV
Guide named Howard Cosell The All-Time Best Sportscaster in its
issue celebrating 40 years of television. In 1996, Howard Cosell
was ranked #47 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time. On
Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/bloopers-outtakes-and-offmoments-radio-and-tv-madness-mp3-c3.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Confession AKA L'aveu (1970) Yves Montand DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1921: #BOTD: #HBD! Simone
Signoret, French actress (d. September 30, 1985) is #born Simone
Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden, Germany to a
French-born army officer from a Polish Jewish family who worked
for the League Of Nations and a French Catholic mother from whom
she she acquired her stage name, Simone Signoret received numerous
and various accolades, including an Academy Award, three BAFTA
Awards, a Cesar Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and the Cannes Film
Festival Award for Best Actress, in addition to nominations for
two Golden Globe Awards. Simone Signoret died of pancreatic cancer
in Autheuil-Authouillet, France, aged 64. She was buried in Pere
Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, and her husband Yves Montand was later
buried next to her. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-confession-aka-l39aveu-dvd-1970-yves-montand-simone-si391970.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics Vol. 5 MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1926: #BOTD: #HBD! Gene Shalit,
American journalist, film and book critic is #born Eugene Shalit
in New York City into a Jewish family, and raised in Newark and
Morristown, New Jersey. He appeard on NBC's The Today Show from
January 15, 1973, after starting part-time in 1970, until his
retirement on November 11, 2010. He is known for his frequent use
of puns, his oversized handlebar moustache, fuzzy hair and for
wearing colorful bowties. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-cable-age-classics-vol-5-mp4-video-download-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Missions
To The Moon: Apollo Program To Moon & Skylab DVD, MP4, USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1928: #BOTD: #HBD! Jim Lovell,
distinguished American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and
mechanical engineer, command module pilot of Apollo 8 in which he,
Frank Borman and William Anders became the first astronauts to fly
to and orbit the Moon, commander of the Apollo 13 lunar mission
which, after a critical failure en route, looped around the Moon
and returned safely to Earth (d. August 7, 2025) is #born James
Arthur Lovell Jr. in Cleveland, Ohio. A 1952 graduate of the
United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Lovell flew
McDonnell F2H Banshee night fighters. He was deployed in the
Western Pacific aboard the aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La. In
January 1958, he entered a six-month test pilot training course at
the Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River,
Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the class. He
was then assigned to Electronics Test, working with radar, and in
1960 he became the Navy's McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II program
manager. In 1961, he became a flight instructor and safety
engineering officer at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach,
Virginia, and completed Aviation Safety School at the University
of Southern California. Lovell was not selected by NASA as one of
the Mercury Seven astronauts due to a temporarily high bilirubin
count. He was accepted in September 1962 as one of the second
group of astronauts needed for the Gemini and Apollo programs.
Before Apollo, Lovell flew in space on two Gemini missions: Gemini
7 (with Borman) in 1965 and Gemini 12 in 1966. He was the first
person to fly into space four times. Among the 24 astronauts who
have orbited the Moon, Lovell was the earliest to make a second
visit but remains the only returnee never to walk on the surface.
He was a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and
the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He cowrote the 1994 book Lost
Moon, on which the 1995 film Apollo 13 was based, and he was
featured in a cameo appearance in the film. Jim Lovell died at his
home in Lake Forest, Illinois at the age of 97. Lovell's wife,
Marilyn had died of natural causes on August 27, 2023, at the age
of 93; they are buried beside each other in the United States
Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland. On Sale @ 15% Off
Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/missions-to-the-moon-apollo-program-to-moon-skylab-dvd-mp4-us4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
History Of Jazz A Video Retrospective MP4 Video Download Or DVD
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1929: #BOTD: #HBD! Cecil
Taylor, African American pianist, composer and poet (d. April 5,
2018) is #born Cecil Percival Taylor in Long Island City, Queens.
Classically trained, Cecil Taylor is generally acknowledged as one
of the pioneers of free jazz. His music is characterized by an
extremely energetic, physical approach, producing complex
improvised sounds, frequently involving tone clusters and
intricate polyrhythms. His piano technique has been likened to
percussion, for example described as "eighty-eight tuned
drums" (referring to the number of keys on a standard piano).
He has also been described as "like Art Tatum with
contemporary-classical leanings". Cecil Taylor died at his
Fort Greene, Brooklyn residence of undisclosed cause after being
in failing health for some time at the age of 89. At the time of
his death, Taylor was working on an autobiography and future
concerts, among other projects. He is buried at Oak Grove
Cemetery, Grayville, Illinois. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-history-of-jazz-by-billy-taylor-parts-i-amp-ii-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Historical View A Legacy In Pictures JPG Image Set CD Download USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1931: The American Civil Rights
Movement: Anti-Black Racism In The United States: The Scottsboro
Boys: -- Nine African American teenagers, ages 13 to 19, are
arrested in Alabama and falsely charged with raping two White
American women on a train in 1931. Collectively known as The
Scottsboro Boys, the landmarks set by the legal cases arising from
this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The
cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted,
all-white juries, rushed trials, and disruptive mobs. It is
commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the
United States legal system. On March 25, 1931, two dozen people
were 'hoboing' on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga
and Memphis, Tennessee, the hoboes being an equal mix of African
Americans and Caucasians. A group of white teenage boys saw
18-year-old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push
him off the train, claiming that it was "a white man's
train". A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to
force all of the black men from the train. Patterson and the other
black passengers were able to ward off the group. The humiliated
white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported
to the city's sheriff that they had been attacked by a group of
black teenagers. The sheriff deputized a posse comitatus, stopped
and searched the train at Paint Rock, Alabama and arrested the
black Americans. Two young white women also got off the train and
accused the black teenagers of rape. The case was first heard in
Scottsboro, Alabama, in three rushed trials, in which the
defendants received poor legal representation. All but 12-year-old
Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death, the
common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of
raping white women, even though there was medical evidence to
suggest that they had not committed the crime. With help from the
Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and the NAACP, the case was appealed.
The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions,
and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was
a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the
defendants had been denied an impartial jury, fair trial, fair
sentencing, and effective counsel. While waiting for their trials,
eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison. The cases
were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led
to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials. In Powell v.
Alabama (1932), it ordered new trials. The case was first returned
to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue, moving
the retrials to Decatur, Alabama. Judge Horton was appointed.
During the retrials, one of the alleged victims admitted to
fabricating the rape story and asserted that none of the
Scottsboro Boys touched either of the white women. The jury found
the defendants guilty, but the judge set aside the verdict and
granted a new trial. The judge was replaced and the case tried
under a judge who ruled frequently against the defense. For the
third time a jury, now with one African American member, returned
a guilty verdict. The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on
appeal. It ruled that African Americans had to be included on
juries, and ordered retrials. Charges were finally dropped for
four of the nine defendants. Sentences for the rest ranged from 75
years to death. All but two served prison sentences; all were
released or escaped by 1946. One was shot while being escorted to
prison by a Sheriff's Deputy and permanently disabled. Two
escaped, were later charged with other crimes, convicted, and sent
back to prison. Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant and the only
one sentenced to death in the final trial, "jumped parole"
in 1946 and went into hiding. He was found in 1976 and pardoned by
Governor George Wallace, by which time the case had been
thoroughly analyzed and shown to be an injustice. Norris later
wrote a book about his experiences. The last surviving defendant
died in 1989. "The Scottsboro Boys", as they became
known, were defended by many in the North and attacked by many in
the South. The case is now widely considered a miscarriage of
justice, highlighted by use of all-white juries. Black Americans
in Alabama had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century
and were likewise not allowed on juries. The case has been
explored in many works of literature, music, theatre, film and
television. On November 21, 2013, Alabama's parole board voted to
grant posthumous pardons to the three Scottsboro Boys who had not
been pardoned or had their convictions overturned. On Sale @ 15%
Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-historical-view-a-legacy-in-pictures-jpg-photo-cd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Outer
Space Films 5: Apollo Moon Exploration Films DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1932: #BOTD: #HBD! Alan Bean,
fourth person to walk on the Moon, American naval officer and
aviator, aeronautical engineer and test pilot, selected to become
an astronaut by NASA in 1963 as part of Astronaut Group 3 (d. May
26, 2018) is #born Alan LaVern Bean in Wheeler, the seat of
Wheeler County in the northeastern Texas Panhandle. Before
becoming an astronaut, Bean graduated with a Bachelor of Science
degree in Aeronautical Engineering from University of Texas at
Austin in 1955 and re-joined the U.S. Navy-he served as an
enlisted member for a year after his high school graduation. He
received his naval aviator wings in 1956 and served as a fighter
pilot. In 1960, he graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot
School, flew as a test pilot and was The New Nine selection
finalist in 1962. He made his first flight into space aboard
Apollo 12, the second crewed mission to land on the Moon, at age
37 in November 1969. He made his second and final flight into
space on the Skylab 3 mission in 1973, the second crewed mission
to the Skylab space station. After retiring from the United States
Navy in 1975 and NASA in 1981, he pursued his interest in
painting, depicting various space-related scenes and documenting
his own experiences in space as well as those of his fellow Apollo
program astronauts. He was the last living crew member of Apollo
12. Alan Bean died in Houston, Texas, at the age of 86. His death
followed the sudden onset of illness two weeks before while he was
in Fort Wayne, Indiana. At the time of his death, Bean was married
to his second wife, Leslie, and was also survived by his sister,
Paula Scott. Bean was interred in Arlington National Cemetery on
November 8, 2018. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/outer-space-films-5-apollo-moon-exploration-dv5.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV Music &
Dance Shows #14 Aretha Temptations Kinks DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1942: #BOTD: #HBD! Aretha
Franklin, African American singer, songwriter and pianist is #born
Aretha Louise Franklin in Memphis, Tennessee. Aretha Franklin
began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist
Church in Detroit, where her father, C. L. Franklin, was minister.
In 1960, at the age of 18, she embarked on a secular career,
recording for Columbia Records but only achieving modest success.
Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, Franklin
achieved commercial acclaim and success with songs such as
"Respect", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural
Woman", "Spanish Harlem" and "Think". By
the end of the 1960s decade she had gained the title "The
Queen of Soul". Franklin eventually recorded a total of 112
charted singles on Billboard, including 77 Hot 100 entries, 17 top
ten pop singles, 100 R and B entries and twenty number-one R and B
singles, becoming the most charted female artist in the chart's
history. Franklin also recorded acclaimed albums such as I Never
Loved a Man the Way I Love You, Lady Soul, Young, Gifted and Black
and Amazing Grace before experiencing problems with her record
company by the mid-1970s. After her father was shot in 1979,
Franklin left Atlantic and signed with Arista Records, finding
success with her part in the film The Blues Brothers and with the
albums Jump to It and Who's Zoomin' Who?. In 1998, Franklin won
international acclaim for singing the opera aria "Nessun
dorma", at the Grammys of that year replacing Luciano
Pavarotti. Later that same year, she scored her final Top 40
recording with "A Rose Is Still a Rose". Franklin's
other popular and well known hits include "Rock Steady",
"Jump to It", "Freeway of Love", "Who's
Zoomin' Who", "Chain Of Fools", "I Knew You
Were Waiting (For Me)" (with George Michael), and a remake of
The Rolling Stones song "Jumpin' Jack Flash". Franklin
has won a total of 18 Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling
musical artists of all time, having sold over 75 million records
worldwide. Franklin has been honored throughout her career
including a 1987 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in
which she became the first female performer to be inducted. She
was inducted to the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. In August 2012,
Franklin was inducted into the GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
Franklin is listed in at least two all-time lists on Rolling Stone
magazine, including the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time; and the
100 Greatest Singers of All Time. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/classic-tv-music-amp-dance-shows-14-aretha-temptations-kinks-d14.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: British
Public Information & Propaganda Films DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1946: Grand Openings: Heathrow
Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), the main international airport
serving London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom,
opens as London Airport. The airport was renamed Heathrow Airport
in the last week of September 1966, to avoid confusion with the
other two airports which serve London, Gatwick and Stansted. The
design for the airport was by Sir Frederick Gibberd. He set out
the original terminals and central-area buildings, including the
original control tower and the multi-faith Chapel of St George's.
Heathrow Airport is the largest of the six international airports
in the London airport system (the others being Gatwick, City,
Luton, Stansted and Southend). The airport is owned and operated
by Heathrow Airport Holdings, owned mostly by Ferrovial and Qatar
Investment Authority and CDPQ. In 2022, it was the second-busiest
airport in the world by international passenger traffic and the
busiest airport in Europe in 2023. It is also the airport with the
world's most international connections as of 2023. Heathrow was
founded as a small airfield in 1929 but was developed into a much
larger airport after World War II. It lies 14 miles (23
kilometres) west of Central London on a site that covers 4.74
square miles (12.3 square kilometres). It was gradually expanded
over 75 years and now has two parallel east-west runways, four
operational passenger terminals and one cargo terminal. The
airport is the primary hub for British Airways and Virgin
Atlantic. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/british-public-information-and-propaganda-films-dual-layer-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rock! UK:
British Invasion Rock 1960s-1980s MP4 Video Download Or DVD
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1947: #BOTD: #HBD! Elton John,
English singer, pianist, composer, producer, and actor is #born
Reginald Kenneth Dwight in Pinner, Middlesex, England. Sir Elton
Hercules John CBE has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin as his
songwriting partner since 1967; they have collaborated on more
than 30 albums to date. In his five-decade career Elton John has
sold more than 300 million records, making him one of the
best-selling music artists in the world. He has more than fifty
Top 40 hits, including seven consecutive No. 1 US albums, 58
Billboard Top 40 singles, 27 Top 10, four No. 2 and nine No. 1.
For 31 consecutive years (1970-2000) he had at least one song in
the Billboard Hot 100. His tribute single "Candle in the Wind
1997", re-penned in dedication to the late Princess Diana,
sold over 33 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling
single in the history of the U.K. and U.S. singles charts. He has
also composed music, produced records, and has occasionally acted
in films. John owned Watford Football Club from 1976 to 1987, and
1997 to 2002. He is an honorary Life President of the club, and in
2014 had a stand named after him at the club's home stadium.
Raised in the Pinner area of London, John learned to play piano at
an early age, and by 1962 had formed Bluesology. John met his
songwriting partner, Bernie Taupin, in 1967, after they had both
answered an advert for songwriters. For two years they wrote songs
for other artists, including Lulu, and John also worked as a
session musician for artists such as the Hollies and the Scaffold.
In 1969 his debut album, Empty Sky, was released. In 1970 a
single, "Your Song", from his second album, Elton John,
reached the top ten in the UK and the US, his first hit single.
After decades of commercial chart success, John has also achieved
success in musical theatre, both in the West End and on Broadway,
composing the music for The Lion King (film and musical), Aida and
Billy Elliot the Musical. He has received five Grammy Awards, five
Brit Awards - winning two awards for Outstanding Contribution to
Music and the first Brits Icon in 2013 for his "lasting
impact on British culture", an Academy Award, a Golden Globe
Award, a Tony Award, a Disney Legends award, and the Kennedy
Center Honors in 2004. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him Number 49
on its list of 100 influential musicians of the rock and roll era.
In 2013, Billboard ranked him the most successful male solo artist
on the Billboard Hot 100 Top All-Time Artists (third overall
behind the Beatles and Madonna). He was inducted into the Rock and
Roll Hall of Fame in 1994, is an inductee into the Songwriters
Hall of Fame, and is a fellow of the British Academy of
Songwriters, Composers and Authors. Having been named a Order of
the British Empire in 1996, John was made a Knight Bachelor by
Elizabeth II for "services to music and charitable services"
in 1998. John has performed at a number of royal events, such as
the funeral of Princess Diana at Westminster Abbey in 1997, the
Party at the Palace in 2002 and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
Concert outside Buckingham Palace in 2012. He has been heavily
involved in the fight against AIDS since the late 1980s. In 1992,
he established the Elton John AIDS Foundation and a year later
began hosting the annual Academy Award Party, which has since
become one of the highest-profile Oscar parties in the Hollywood
film industry. John, who announced he was bisexual in 1976 and has
been openly gay since 1988, entered into a civil partnership with
David Furnish on December 21, 2005, and after same-sex marriage
became legal in England and Wales in 2014, wed Furnish on December
21 2014. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/rock-uk-british-invasion-rock-1960s119601980.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Allen
Ginsberg: When The Muse Calls, Answer! DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1957: Poetry: The History Of
Poetry: Poetry Of The Beat Generation: Obscenity Controversies In
Literature: Howl (Howl For Carl Solomon): -- United States Customs
seizes copies of Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl" on
obscenity grounds. "Howl", also known as "Howl for
Carl Solomon", is a poem written by Allen Ginsberg in
1954-1955 and published in his 1956 collection Howl and Other
Poems. Ginsberg began work on "Howl" in 1954. "Howl"
is considered to be one of the great works of American literature.
It came to be associated with the group of writers known as the
Beat Generation. Upon the poem's release, publisher Lawrence
Ferlinghetti of City Lights Books and Publishers, and the
bookstore's manager, Shigeyoshi Murao, were charged with
disseminating obscene literature, and both were arrested. On
October 3, 1957, Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that the poem was not
obscene. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/allen-ginsberg-when-the-muse-calls-answer-in-my-kitchen-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: King: A
Filmed Record: Montgomery To Memphis DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25, 1965: The American Civil Rights
Movement: Anti-Black Racism In The United States: Segregation:
Racial Segregation: Black Suffrage (Black Political Franchise,
Black Franchise, Black Right To Vote, Black Active Suffrage):
Civil Rights Protests: Civil Rights Protests In The United States:
The Selma Voting Rights Campaign: The Selma To Montgomery Marches:
The Third Selma To Montgomery March (The March To Montgomery): --
Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King Jr. successfully
complete their 4-day 50-mile march from Selma to the capitol in
Montgomery, Alabama, where King delivers his famous "How
Long? Not Long!" speech on the steps of the State Capitol, a
speech also known as the "Our God Is Marching On!"
speech. On March 21, 1965, the Third Selma to Montgomery March
began when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led 3,200 people on the
start of the third and finally successful civil rights march from
Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. The Selma to Montgomery marches were
three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile highway
from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery. The
marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the
desire of African American citizens to exercise their
constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist
repression, and were part of a broader voting rights movement
underway in Selma and throughout the American South. By
highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that
year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of
the Civil Rights Movement. The first of the marches was on March
7, and became known as Bloody Sunday; 600 civil rights marchers,
led by John Lewis of the Student Non Violent Coordinating
Committee and Rev. Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, were brutally attacked by state and local
police after they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the
Alabama River. Film of the beatings was broacast on nationwide
television that night and provoked national outrage. The Second
Selma To Mongomery March, known as Turnaround Tuesday, took place
on March 9. Troopers, police, and marchers confronted each other
at the county end of the bridge, but when the troopers stepped
aside to let them pass, King led the marchers back to the church.
He was obeying a federal injunction while seeking protection from
federal court for the march. That night, a white group beat and
murdered the white civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian
Universalist minister from Boston, who had come to Selma to march
with the second group. Many other clergy and sympathizers from
across the country also gathered for the second march. On March
15, President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to the Selma crisis,
told the U.S. Congress "We shall overcome" while
advocating the Voting Rights Act. When Martin Luther King saw
Johnson using this phrase during his speech, his eyes welled up
with tears of happiness. The Act was passed on August 6th of that
year. The route is memorialized as the "Selma To Montgomery
Voting Rights Trail," and is designated as a U.S. National
Historic Trail. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
https://store.earthstation1.com/king-a-filmed-record--montgomery-to-memphis-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Czechoslovakia: The Long Wait For Revolution DVD, Download, USB
Drive
Today, March 25, 2026
March 25: Struggle For Human Rights Day
(Slovakia): -- Struggle For Human Rights Day is observed every
year on March 25. It is observed to commemorate the candle
demonstration that occurred in Slovakia on March 25, 1988. The
candle demonstration was planned by Marian Stastny, the Executive
Vice President of the Slovakia World Congress, to fight for the
religious freedom of the country. Around 5,000 Slovaks protested
at the Hviezdoslav Square, and thousands protested in adjacent
streets. The demonstration was against the Communist regime in
Czechoslovakia and can be considered an important first step
toward dismantling the communist regime of Czechoslovakia. Slavik
Slovaks settled in present-day Slovakia in the sixth century.
Slovakia was politically united with the Moravian empire in the
ninth century, but in 907, the Germans and Magyars conquered the
Moravian state. It was only in 1918 that the Hapsburg-ruled empire
collapsed, following World War I, and the Slovaks joined the Czech
lands of Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Silesia, which formed the
new joint state of Czechoslovakia. In 1939, Germany occupied
Czechoslovakia, created a German protectorate and a puppet state
out of Slovakia, and elected Monsignor Josef Tiso as prime
minister. Slovakia was liberated from the Germans by the Soviet
army in 1945, and the state was restored to its pre-war status and
rejoined the new Czechoslovakian state. But in 1948, the Communist
Party took power, and Slovakia was again subjected to a
centralized Czech-dominated government. This created a rift
between the two republics. It was in 1969, that the nation became
the Slovak Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia. On March 25,
1988, the candle demonstration was held in Hviezdoslav street by
Roman Catholic dissent groups demanding religious freedom in
Czechoslovakia. This demonstration was the first big-scale
demonstration after 1969 and was a vital step toward dismantling
the communist regime. The Slovak Republic came into being on
January 1, 1993, and Vaclav Havel became the president of
Czechoslovakia, and democratic political reform began.
https://store.earthstation1.com/czechoslovakia-the-long-wait-for-spring-dvd-1988-cold1988.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Between
The Wars TV Documentary Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1924: Greece: Modern Greece
(The Hellenic Republic): The Second Hellenic Republic: -- On the
anniversary of Greek Independence, Alexandros Papanastasiou
proclaims the Second Hellenic Republic. The Second Hellenic
Republic is a modern historiographical term used to refer to the
Greek state during a period of republican governance between 1924
and 1935. To its contemporaries it was known officially as the
Hellenic Republic (Greek: Elliniki Dimokratia) or more commonly as
Greece (Greek: Hellas). It occupied virtually the coterminous
territory of modern Greece (with the exception of the Dodecanese)
and bordered Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey and the Italian
Aegean Islands. The term Second Republic is used to differentiate
it from the First and Third republics.
https://store.earthstation1.com/between-the-wars-dvd-set-all-16-tv-shows-4-discs164.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Simple
Justice Brown v Board Of Education Docudrama DVD, Download, USB
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 2009: #DOTD: #RIP: John Hope
Franklin, African American historian of the United States and
former president of Phi Beta Kappa, the Organization of American
Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Southern
Historical Association, NAACP Legal Defense Fund team member who
helped develop the sociological case for Brown v. Board of
Education that ended racial segregation in American public
schools, Presidential Medal Of Freedom recipient in 1995 (b.
January 2, 1915) #dies of congestive heart failure in the morning
at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, aged
94. His remains were cremated by the Cremation Society Of The
Carolinas in Raleigh, North Carolina; the final disposition of his
ashes are not publicly disclosed. John Hope Franklin was born in
Rentiesville, Oklahoma in 1915 to attorney Buck (Charles) Colbert
Franklin and his wife Mollie (Parker) Franklin. He was named after
John Hope, a prominent educator who was the first African American
president of Atlanta University. Franklin is best known for his
work From Slavery to Freedom, first published in 1947, and
continually updated. More than three million copies have been
sold. In 1995, he was awarded the , the nation's highest civilian
honor. Franklin attended Fisk University and then Harvard
University, receiving his doctorate in 1941. In the early 1950s,
Franklin served on the NAACP Legal Defense Fund team led by
Thurgood Marshall, successfully challenging de jure segregated
education in the South in the Brown v. Board of Education case
when the United States Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that the legal
segregation of black and white children in public schools was
unconstitutional, leading to integration of schools. He was a
professor at Howard University, and in 1956 was named to head the
history department at Brooklyn College, part of the City
University of New York. Recruited to the University of Chicago in
1964, he eventually led the history department and was appointed
to a named chair. He then moved to Duke University in 1983, as an
appointee to a named chair in history.
https://store.earthstation1.com/simple-justice-brown-v-board-of-education-segregation-battle-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: WWII
Films: The Asia-Pacific War DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1944: World War II: The Pacific
War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Pacific Theater Of World War II):
The Pacific Ocean Theater Of World War II: The Solomon Islands
Campaign: The New Guinea Campaign: The Bougainville Campaign: The
Bougainville Counterattack (The Second Battle Of Torokina): -- The
Japanese counterattack that began on March 8, 1944 after months of
preparation is repulsed by United States Army forces in the course
of two weeks of fighting. The Bougainville Counterattack was an
unsuccessful Japanese offensive against the Allied base at Cape
Torokina on Bougainville Island. On March 9, Japanese troops
counterattacked American forces on Hill 700 in Bougainville in a
five-day battle. While Major General Shun Iwasa arrived on March 8
in its attack position with the Iwasa Unit, which comprised the
23rd Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Battalion of the 13th Infantry
Regiment, and two batteries of artillery, as well as engineers and
other support troops, its assault on the American perimeter was
delayed until the next day. Hill 700, in the 37th Division's
sector, was held by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the U.S. Army's
145th Infantry Regiment. Very steep with a deep saddle between two
knolls, Hill 700 proved difficult to both defend and to attack.
For several days prior to the attack there had been clashes
between U.S. and Japanese patrols in the front of the position,
and Japanese patrols had been engaged in wire cutting around the
perimeter. Several small skirmishes were fought between these
units and elements of the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment on 8
March, and the 37th Division's artillery bombarded areas from
where the Japanese could potentially launch an attack on the 2nd
Battalion, 145th Infantry. The 23rd Infantry Regiment belatedly
began to attack just after midnight on March 9 amidst heavy rain
but failed to penetrate far into the American defenses. After
daybreak on March 9, elements of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the
145th Infantry Regiment counterattacked the Japanese and regained
most of the terrain which had been lost. Two M3 Stuart tanks from
the 754th Tank Battalion supported the attack but proved
ineffective on the steep terrain. Meanwhile, the Japanese took
advantage of the terrain to bring machine gun and mortar fire down
on the U.S. supply route dubbed McClelland Road. Two destroyers
provided fire support for the U.S. Army forces and fired a total
of 400 rounds during the day. As night fell, forward movement
largely ceased. Both sides maintained a defensive posture
throughout the night, exchanging small arms and indirect fire. The
Bougainville Counterattack was hampered by inaccurate intelligence
and poor planning, and was pushed back by the well-prepared Allied
defenders, who greatly outnumbered the Japanese force. The
Japanese suffered severe casualties, while Allied losses were
light. The goal of the offensive was to destroy the Allied
beachhead, which accommodated three strategically important
airfields. The Japanese mistakenly believed that their forces were
about as large as the units deployed to defend the Allied
positions. The Allies detected Japanese preparations for the
attack shortly after they began in early 1944 and strengthened the
base's defenses. None of the three Japanese forces which conducted
the attack was able to penetrate far into the Allied perimeter,
although there was intense fighting for several positions. The
Bougainville Counterattack was the last major Japanese offensive
in the Solomon Islands Campaign. Following the engagement the
Japanese force withdrew from the Empress Augusta Bay area, and
only limited fighting took place until late 1944, when Australian
troops took over from the Americans and began a series of advances
across the island until the end of the war in August 1945.
https://store.earthstation1.com/wwii-films-the-asiapacific-conflict-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Romantic Spirit TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1811: Atheism: -- Romantic Poet
Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from the University of Oxford for
publishing the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism, an essay printed
that year by Charles and William Phillips in Worthing, West
Sussex, England. An enigmatically signed copy of the short tract
was sent to all the heads of Oxford colleges at the University. At
that time the content was so shocking to the authorities that he
was rusticated (a term used at Oxford, Cambridge and Durham
Universities to mean being suspended or expelled temporarily for
contumacy (a stubborn refusal to obey authority or, particularly
in law, the willful contempt of the order or summons of a court
[i.e. contempt of court]; a term derived from the Latin
contumacia, meaning "firmness" or "stubbornness")
in his refusing to deny authorship, together with his friend and
fellow student, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, who may have been
co-author. A revised and expanded version of the text was included
as one of the notes to Shelley's poem Queen Mab in 1813, and some
reprints with the title The Necessity of Atheism are based on this
rather than the 1811 pamphlet.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-romantic-spirit-tv-series-all-14-episodes-5-dual-layer-d145.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Secret Of The Templars Series + Bonus Title MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1918: #DOTD: #RIP: Claude
Debussy, French composer, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and
Rosicrucian, known along with Maurice Ravel as the most prominent
figures associated with Impressionist music, although Debussy
disliked the term when applied to his compositions, among the most
influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
(b. August 22, 1862) #dies of cancer at his home in Paris at the
age of 55 after a composing career of a little more than 30 years.
The First World War was still raging and Paris was under German
aerial and artillery bombardment. The military situation did not
permit the honour of a public funeral with ceremonious graveside
orations. The funeral procession made its way through deserted
streets to a temporary grave at Pere Lachaise Cemetery as the
German guns bombarded the city. Debussy's body was reinterred the
following year in the small Passy Cemetery in Paris sequestered
behind the Trocadero, fulfilling his wish to rest "among the
trees and the birds"; his wife and daughter are buried with
him. He was born Achille-Claude Debussy in Saint-Germain-en-Laye,
Seine-et-Oise, on the north-west fringes of Paris, France. Known
since the 1890s as Claude-Achille Debussy or Claude Debussy, he
was known for his use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism,
which influenced many composers who followed, particularly such
jazz composers as-band leader Duke and trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke.
Debussy's music is noted for its sensory content and frequent use
of nontraditional tonalities. The prominent French literary style
of his period was known as Symbolism, and this movement directly
inspired Debussy both as a composer and as an active cultural
participant. https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Pioneers Of Surgery Documentary TV Series DVD, MP4 Download, USB
Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1907: #DOTD: #RIP: Ernst Von
Bergmann, Baltic German surgeon and academic, pioneer of aseptic
surgery (b. December 16, 1836) #dies in Wiesbaden, Hesse, Kingdom
of Prussia, German Empire, aged 70. He is buried in Potsdam,
Brandenburg, German Empire. Ernst Von Bergmann was born Ernst
Gustav Benjamin Von Bergmann in Riga, Livonia Governorate (modern
Latvia). He was the first physician to introduce heat
sterilisation of surgical instruments, a process that removes,
kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly
microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular
eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents such as prions
present on those instruments, a process that made Von Bergmann a
pioneer of aseptic surgery, surgery free from disease-causing
micro-organisms such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic
fungi, and parasites.
https://store.earthstation1.com/pioneers-of-surgery-dvd-set-4-episode-tv-series-2-dis42.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Theatre-Five Radio Drama Series MP3 Set DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1901: #BOTD: #HBD! Ed Begley,
American actor of theatre, radio, film, and television (d. April
28, 1970) is #born Edward James Begley in Hartford, Connecticut
into an Irish immigrant family. He won an Academy Award for Best
Supporting Actor for his performance in the film Sweet Bird of
Youth (1962) and appeared in such classics as 12 Angry Men (1957)
and The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964). He was nominated for an
Emmy Award for his portrayal of Matthew Harrison Brady in a
television adaptation of Inherit the Wind. He is the father of
actor and environmental activist Ed Begley Jr. Ed Begley died of a
heart attack while attending a party at the home of Jay Bernstein
in Hollywood, California, aged 69. He is buried at the San
Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, California.
https://store.earthstation1.com/theater-five-mp3-dvd-complete-old-time-radio-serie3.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Color
Adjustment 40 Years Of Black America On Broadcast TV DVD MP4 USB
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 1960: #BOTD: #HBD! Haywood
Nelson, African American actor, best known for having portrayed
Dwayne Nelson in the television series What's Happening!!, which
aired from 1976 to 1979, as well as in its spin-off series What's
Happening Now!!, from 1985 to 1988, is #born Haywood Knowles
Nelson Jr. in New York City. Nelsons' lovable yet gullible
character Dwayne on both the television series became one of the
most memorable television characters of the 1970s along with his
big afro, bell-bottoms, and his signature catchphrase "Hey,
Hey, Hey!"
https://store.earthstation1.com/color-adjustment-40-years-of-black-americans-on-tv-dvd-download-u40.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
History Of Jazz A Video Retrospective DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 23, 1967: #DOTD: #RIP: Pete
Johnson, African American jazz pianist who strongly influenced the
beginnings of rock and roll, one of the three greatest
boogie-woogie pianists (the other two being Albert Ammons and
Meade Lux Lewis) whose sudden prominence in the late 1930s helped
make boogie-woogie very popular, known for his technical
virtuosity and melodic creativity (b. March 25, 1904) #dies in
Meyer Hospital, Buffalo, New York, in March 1967, two days before
his 63rd birthday. He is buried at Forest Lawn cemetery in
Buffalo. Of the three great boogie-woogie pianists, Pet Johnson
was more comfortable in a band setting than Meade Lux Lewis, and
unlike Lewis or Albert Ammons, he could shine as an accompanist
without outshining his singing partner, a gift especially evident
in Joe Turner's "Roll 'Em, Pete". Pete Johnson was born
Kermit Holden Johnson in Kansas City, Missouri. He was raised by
his mother after his father deserted the family. Things got so bad
financially, Pete was placed in an orphanage when he was three. He
became so homesick, however, that he ran away and returned living
at home. By the age of 12, he sought out work to ease some of the
financial burden at home. He worked various jobs; in a factory, a
print shop, and as a shoe-shiner. He dropped out of school in the
fifth grade as a result of his efforts. Johnson began his musical
career in 1922 as a drummer in Kansas City. He began piano about
the same time he was learning the drums. His early piano practices
took place in a church, where he was working as a water boy for a
construction company. From 1926 to 1938, he worked as a pianist,
often working with Big Joe Turner. An encounter with record
producer John Hammond in 1936 led to an engagement at the Famous
Door in New York City. In 1938, Johnson and Turner appeared in the
From Spirituals to Swing concert at Carnegie Hall. After this show
the popularity of the boogie-woogie style was on the upswing.
Johnson worked locally and toured and recorded with Turner, Meade
Lux Lewis, and Albert Ammons during this period. Ammons and
Johnson appeared in the film short Boogie-Woogie Dream in 1941.
The 1938 song "Roll 'Em Pete" (composed by Johnson and
Turner), featuring Turner on vocals and Johnson on piano, was one
of the first rock and roll records. Another self-referential title
was their "Johnson and Turner Blues." In 1949, he also
wrote and recorded "Rocket 88 Boogie," a two-sided
instrumental, which influenced the 1951 Ike Turner hit, "Rocket
88". On three dates in January 1946, Johnson recorded an
early concept album, Pete Johnson's Housewarmin', in which he
starts out playing alone, supposedly in a new empty house, and is
joined there by J. C. Higginbotham, J. C. Heard, and other Kansas
City players. The recording also included parts played by Albert
Nicholas, Hot Lips Page, Clyde Bernhardt. Budd Johnson, and a
young singer, Etta Jones. Each has a solo cut backed by Johnson,
and then the whole group plays a jam session together. On this
album Johnson shows his considerable command of stride piano and
his ability to work with a group. It was later re-released as
Pete's Blues. At a nightclub in Niagara Falls, the piano was on a
platform above the bar, and Johnson had to climb a ladder to get
there. In 1950, he moved to Buffalo. He encountered some health
and financial problems in this period, including losing part of a
finger in an accident and being partially paralyzed by a stroke.
Between January and October 1953, he was employed by an ice cream
company washing trucks, but supplemented his income by performing
in a trio which played at the Bamboo Room in Buffalo on weekends.
Johnson experienced more of the same the following year. He washed
cars at a mortuary for $25 a week. In July, however, an engagement
came his way at the St. Louis Forest Park Hotel, a six-week
residency as the pianist at the Circus Snack Bar. Some broadcasts
were made on Saturday afternoons in a program called Saturday at
the Chase. Johnson was also privately recorded on July 20 and
August 1, 1954, at a pair of house parties arranged at the home of
Bill Atkinson, a close friend. Things remained somewhat bleak for
the next four years, except for three appearances in 1955 at the
Berkshire Music Barn in Lenox, Massachusetts. But he continued to
record, and toured Europe in 1958 with the Jazz at the
Philharmonic ensemble, despite the fact that he was feeling
unwell. While in Europe he received an invitation to appear at the
Newport Jazz Festival, which he did upon his return to the States,
accompanying Big Joe Turner, Chuck Berry and Big Maybelle. Johnson
underwent a physical examination in August, which revealed a heart
condition as well as diabetes. Several strokes followed, resulting
in complete loss of mobility in both hands. Four years after the
series of strokes he was still disabled and was beginning to lose
his eyesight. Jazz Report magazine ran a series of record auctions
to raise money for Johnson. In 1964, a longtime correspondent of
his, Hans Maurer, published The Pete Johnson Story. All sales
proceeds went to Johnson. After an article appeared in a 1964
issue of Blues Unlimited detailing Johnson's difficulty in
receiving royalty payments other than from Blue Note and Victor,
in June, Johnson was accepted as a member of ASCAP, which finally
ensured that some of the royalties would be received on a regular
basis. His final live appearance was the Spirituals to Swing
concert at Carnegie Hall in January 1967, his eighth and final
appearance at this event. A review of the concert by Dan
Morgenstern of DownBeat: "Then for the concert's most moving
moment, Lieberson (the MC) escorted Pete Johnson on stage and
introduced him as one of the participants in the original
Spirituals to Swing and the greatest boogie-woogie pianist.
Johnson had suffered a series of paralytic strokes and had not
played piano for many years. His old buddy, Turner, took him by
the hand, and for a moment the two middle-aged men looked
touchingly like little boys. Turner dedicated 'Roll 'Em Pete' to
his old friend, as Lieberson and Johnson were about to leave the
stage. Instead, they stopped and the pianist seated himself next
to [Ray] Bryant at the piano and began to play the treble part of
his old showpiece, Bryant handling the bass. Johnson was a bit
shaky but game, gaining in confidence as the number built in
intensity."
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-history-of-jazz-by-billy-taylor-parts-i-amp-ii-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Beatles Live At Shea Stadium 1965 DVD MP4 Download USB Flash Drive
Today, March 25, 2026March 25, 2006: #DOTD: #RIP: Buck Owens,
American singer, songwriter, guitarist and band leader (b. August
12, 1929) #dies in his sleep of an apparent heart attack at his
ranch just north of Bakersfield, California only hours after
performing at his club. He was 76 years old. He is buried at
Greenlawn Southwest Mortuary And Cemetery in Bakersfield. Buck
Owens was born Alvis Edgar Owens Jr in Sherman, Texas. He was the
front man for Buck Owens And The Buckaroos, which had 21 No. 1
hits on the Billboard country music charts. He pioneered what came
to be called the Bakersfield sound, named in honor of Bakersfield,
California, Owens' adopted home, and the city from which he drew
inspiration for what he preferred to call "American music".
While the Buckaroos originally featured a fiddle and retained
pedal steel guitar into the 1970s, their sound on records and
onstage was always more stripped-down and elemental. The band's
signature style was based on simple story lines, infectious
choruses, a twangy electric guitar, an insistent rhythm supplied
by a drum track placed forward in the mix, and high, two-part
harmonies featuring Owens and his guitarist Don Rich. From 1969 to
1986, Owens co-hosted the popular CBS television variety show Hee
Haw with Roy Clark. According to his son, Buddy Alan (Owens), the
accidental 1974 death of Rich, his best friend, devastated him for
years and impacted his creative efforts until he performed with
Dwight Yoakam in 1988. Owens is a member of both the Country Music
Hall of Fame and Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. When the The
Beatles perfomed their landmark first concert at Shea Stadium
Ringo sang "Act Naturally" as a tip of the hat to Buck
Owens on that historic occasion.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-beatles-live-at-shea-stadium-19651965.html